Viral meningitis india pdf ppt case reports symptoms. Meningitis is a critical diagnosis not to miss in children presenting with fever. Each of these relies on the principle that stretching the inflamed meningeal membranes causes clinically detectable irritation. Most people with viral or noninfectious meningitis recover within a few weeks. The book of experience presents a unique picture of the way that meningitis and septicaemia have affected individuals, families and whole communities. Pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis various bacteria including the major meningeal pathogens e. The role of caspase casp1 in the pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis has been the subject of recent experiments. Most cases of meningitis result from infections that are contagious. It would present with persistent diarrhea, sometimes bloody. Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of meningitis have occurred primarily through the use of experimental animal models. Some children with meningitis may have longterm problems, but this depends on the cause of the infection and the age of the child.
Aug 03, 2016 bacterial meningitis pathophysiology duration. Meningitis occurs in people of all ages, but it is more common in children and people over 65. Both parasites and fungi can cause meningitis, but these type of infections are not common. May 04, 2020 tuberculosis tb see the image below, a multisystemic disease with myriad presentations and manifestations, is the most common cause of infectious diseaserelated mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis, epidemiology, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of acute bacterial meningitis in adults and issues related to acute bacterial meningitis in children and to chronic, recurrent, and aseptic meningitis are discussed separately. It seems that the subcapsular components the cell wall and lipopolysaccharide of bacteria are more important in determining inflammation than the surface components pili and polysaccharide capsule. Acute bacterial meningitis is particularly serious and worsens rapidly. However, some of these fungi have the ability to become human pathogens. Since the early 20th century, classical clinical signs have been used to aid the diagnosis of meningitis. This monograph on bacterial meningitis, prepared by a noted internal medicine authority, describes exciting, new advances in the field of meningitis. Meningitis, in general, is the inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Currently, the mechanism by which bacterial pathogens access the central nervous system cns is unknown.
Smoking, secondhand smoke and crowded living conditions also increase the risk for some kinds of. Meningitis is when the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord meninges become infected. In the case of bacterial meningitis, this inflammation is. The vast majority of meningitis cases are caused by suppurative bacteria and the organsim relates to the sex of the patient. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. Meningitis can be caused by various infectious agents, including viruses, fungi, and protozoans, but bacteria produce the most lifethreatening forms. Meningococci reach the brain from the bloodstream, implying that the patients immune response has prevented bacterial proliferation in the blood and not suffered overwhelming sepsis. Serious infections are often caused by bacteria such as streptococcus pharyngitis. The book of experience meningitis research foundation. Less common causes of meningitis are parasites and fungi. Meningitis is very serious and needs immediate medical attention.
For more detailed information see references section. There is also increased anaerobic glycolysis by leukocytes and brain cells. Much of the damage from this infection is believed to result from cytokines released within the csf as. Pathophysiology of dysentery what you need to know. Kernigs sign is present if, with the patient supine and the hip and knee flexed, extension of the knee.
Department of neurology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin, germany, department of cell biology and neurobiology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin germany, department of neurology, lkh, klagenfurt, austria. How to fix forward head posture 3 easy exercises from a chiropractor duration. Polymorphonuclear cells outnumber monocytes papilledema occurs late in disease when it occurs, acute onset. Pathophysiology of meningitis free download as word doc. This is exceedingly rapid in acute bacterial meningitis and death may occur in hours. How to use clinical signs of meningitis adc education. Tonsillitis refers to inflamation of the tonsils caused by a virus or bacteria. Insidious onset slight changes in csf chemistry positive tuberculin test low chloride. The pathogenesis of each family of viruses that causes viral meningitis varies. The major focus is on the mechanisms of neuronal injury and the pathophysiologic concepts responsible for death and neurologic. Viral meningitis usually gets better within a couple of weeks, with plenty of rest and painkillers for the headache.
Casp1 plays a central role in the generation of mature il1. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis david m. Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis is a complex process which may occur due to imbalance between the host immune response and virulence factors of pathogen causing infection. Inflammation of the meninges cause of meningitis bacterial meningitis. Understanding the pathophysiology of meningococcal infection and the principles of management. Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of meningitis have occurred primarily through the use of experimental. Meningitis caused by an infection can stimulate bony growth and leave behind endocranial lesions that may indicate pre sence of the disease, but only if an individual lives long enough to elicit this response from their immune system lewis, 2004. This is normally caused by infection but can also have noninfectious causes. Pathophysiology and treatment of meningoencephalitis a journal reading 1.
Critical advances in the understanding and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis follow the recognition that proteins within the bacterial cell wall are responsible for inciting the acute inflammatory response, even in the absence of viable bacteria. Bacterial dysentery is serious and can be life threatening. Pathophysiology and treatment of meningoencephalitis a. Additionally, people with weak immune systems are more at risk for meningitis. Can people with meningitis pass the illness to others. The epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in children is changing. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis involve a complex interplay between virulence factors of the pathogens and the host immune response. Autolysis consists of selfdigestion of the cell wall by peptidoglycan hydrolyases termed autolysins. But the most clinically useful categories of meningitis are. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. It can be treated with appropriate antibiotics that also prevents spread. Tubercles rupture in subarachnoid area causes meningitis. It is uncommon complication of common systemic infections. This localized infection develops into a bacteremia with a metastatic infection in the leptomeninges.
Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis. Meningitis may be classified as acute, subacute, chronic, or recurrent. Meningitis, inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis involve a complex interplay between virulence factors of the pathogens and the host immune response 48. Introduction to meningitis brain, spinal cord, and nerve.
Subacute meningitis and chronic meningitis usually progress slowly and gradually, but doctors may have difficulty determining what the cause is and thus what the treatment should be. Further, other pathological conditions can cause similar en docranial lesions. Meningitis describes inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis what is the meningitis pathophysiology of.
Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis hoffman olaf and weber joerg r. Bamberger, md, university of missourikansas city school of medicine, kansas city, missouri a cute meningitis is a medical emer. Following steps may explain the underlying process in a comprehensive way. Much of our understanding of the pathophysiology of meningitis has been obtained using animal models of s. All ages diabetics, alcoholics, elderly, debilitated, diseased untreated. Meningitis can be caused by various infectious agents, including viruses, fungi, and protozoan s, but bacteria produce the most lifethreatening forms. Additionally, ventilator assistance, kidney dialysis or other supportive treatments may be needed.
Read meningitis books like isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy and 1210 for free with a free 30day trial. The patient usually experiences fever, headache, vomiting, irritability, anorexia, and stiffness in the neck. Resources for health professionals meningitis research. Very similarly, many different things may cause a condition known as encephalitis. Pathophysiology most cases of meningitis are caused by an infectious agent that has colonized or established a localized infection elsewhere in the host. Oct 29, 2014 pathophysiology and treatment of meningoencephalitis a journal reading 1. Meningism is the clinical syndrome of headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia, often with nausea and vomiting. Clinical pathophysiology of meningitis meningococcal meningitis generally has a better prognosis than septicaemia. Pathophysiology the clinical picture of meningitis largely arises from the host response to the inciting organism in the csf. Pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia.
You get it when a virus enters the body through the nose or mouth and travels to the brain. The pathophysiology of tuberculous meningitis has bacilli root itself to the brain parenchyma, which causes the formation of small subpial focus. Doctor answers on symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and more. Pathophysiology of bacterial infections cheat sheet by. Resources include treatment protocols and symptoms information, as well as general patient awareness materials.
Diagnosis and treatment update definitions meningitis inflammation of the meninges encephalitis infection of the brain parenchyma. All the major fungal pathogens can produce meningitis. Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Acute meningitis online medical video lecturio online.
Viral aseptic meningitis is a serious, but not usually fatal with people with healthy immune systems. Pathophysiology is similar in concept to most other infections. Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis. If you are in the uk or ireland and would like to order printed resources in bulk, please order online. Causes of meningitis meningitis is due to infection with either viruses or bacteria. Then there is an increase in size of rich focus until rupture. By joseph benningtoncastro april 03, 2018 bacterial meningitis. Individuals with weakened immune systems may be at increased risk of these diseases. In bacterial meningitis, glucose transport from the blood into the csf is impaired. Meningitis is an inflammation of the tissue lining that covers the brain and spinal cord. Pathophysiology questions and answers pdf download. Much rarer causes include fungi or malignant cancer cells. In the case of bacterial meningitis, this inflammation is caused by bacterial infection.
The principles of management of meningitis and septicaemia are best understood by having a basic knowledge of their pathophysiology 40. Although tb rates are decreasing in the united states, the disease is becoming more common in many parts of the world. A fever, severe headache, and stiff neck are the leading symptoms of meningitis. All resources have been developed in consultation with health professionals. Vsu student health center nursing staff what is meningitis.
Tb meningitis tuberculous meningitis can display symptoms such as aches and pains, loss of appetite and tiredness, with a persistent headache, there are around 150 200 cases of tb meningitis reported each year in the uk. In general, meningitis due to bacteria bacterial meningitis is more severe than meningitis caused by viruses viral meningitis. It is almost always responsive to appropriate antibiotics. Much of the damage from this infection is believed to result from cytokines released within the csf as the host mounts an inflammatory response. Meningitis powerpoint 2009 warren hills regional school. Can develop when the bacteria travel via the blood from another infection sinusitis, mastoiditis, otitis media, neurosurgical procedures often severe and is a medical emergency. Division of infectious diseases, childrens mercy hospitals and clinics, kansas city, mo. Vaccination can protect against some forms of meningitis.
Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, where itis is a suffix that refers to inflammation. Tuberculous meningitis autopsy, showing associated brain oedema and congestion. Neisseria meningitidis is remarkable for the diversity of interactions that the bacterium has with the human host, ranging from asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonisation affecting virtually all members of the population. Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord meninges the infection is most commonly caused by bacteria or a virus, and it leads to the meninges becoming inflamed swollen. Meningitis is infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
However, three factors that determine whether or not the pathogen can access the cns are the size of the inoculum e. Urinary tract infection overview signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, causes and treatment duration. Department of neurology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin, germany, department of cell biology and neurobiology, chariteuniversitaetsmedizin berlin germany, department of neurology, lkh, klagenfurt, austria presented by. Infection of the fluid in the spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain viral or bacterial etiology is important because of the seriousness of the illness and the treatment needed viral meningitis usually clears up in a week or two with no specific treatment common. Read the stories that inspire us to create a world free from the diseases.
Pathophysiology of tonsillitis answers on healthtap. Principles of management of septicaemia with shock. Overview of meningitis merck manuals professional edition. Pathophysiology bacterial meningitis 2 free download as word doc. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membrane covering the brain. Meningitis occurs when the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord become inflamed.
In vitro infection of human nasopharyngeal cells in organ culture with meningococci or h. Learn from meningitis experts like international medical publisher and the university daily kansan. Vol 388 december 172431, 2016 acute bacterial meningitis in adults fiona mcgill, robert s heyderman, stavros panagiotou, allan r tunkel, tom solomon over the past several decades, the incidence of bacterial meningitis in children has decreased but there remains a. These models have proven to be particularly valuable in experimental bacterial meningitis, focusing on the bacterial virulence factors responsible for the initiation of infections, cns. The world health organization who and the centers for disease control and prevention cdc express their gratitude to those who have contributed their time and experience to this 2nd edition of the laboratory methods for the diagnosis of meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus influenzae. These classical signs are nuchal rigidity, kernigs sign and brudzinskis sign. Etiology of meningitis list of high impact articles ppts. Routine neuroimaging is not necessary for the initial medical evaluation of children with suspected bacterial meningitis who do not have clinical signs of brain. To understand bacterial meningitis, we should first understand the related anatomy and physiology of a healthy individual. Meningitis is inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called the meninges. Most children with viral meningitis recover completely. Most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization. A retrospective study thesis submitted as a part of the master of philosophy degree in international community health.